Downs called it Dual Rationality

As Chat GPT explains:

In Chapter 2 of “An Economic Theory of Democracy,” Anthony Downs introduces the concept of dual rationality, which he suggests characterizes individuals’ decision-making processes, particularly in economic and political contexts. This dualism reflects the idea that individuals often consider not only their narrow self-interests but also broader social concerns when making choices.

Here’s a breakdown of the dual rationality concept as outlined by Downs:

1. Narrow Self-Interest: Downs acknowledges that individuals typically act to maximize their own utility or self-interest. This aspect of decision-making is rooted in traditional economic theory, which assumes that individuals are rational actors who seek to maximize their personal well-being. In economic choices, individuals often weigh the costs and benefits to themselves personally.
2. Social or Broader Concerns: However, Downs also recognizes that individuals may take into account broader social or altruistic considerations when making decisions. This broader concern may include considerations for the welfare of others, societal values, or long-term societal well-being. In the context of political decision-making, voters may consider not only how policies directly affect themselves but also how they impact society as a whole or specific groups within society.

Downs argues that individuals exhibit this dual rationality in both economic and political spheres. While they may prioritize their narrow self-interest in many situations, they also incorporate social considerations into their decision-making process. This dualism reflects the complexity of human motivations and the interplay between individual and societal concerns.

By acknowledging this dual rationality, Downs provides a more nuanced understanding of decision-making processes in both economics and politics. He highlights the importance of considering not only individual self-interest but also broader societal implications when analyzing human behavior in various contexts.